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troff -- Command
Extended text-formatting language
troff [option ...] [file ...]
The command troff is the COHERENT typesetter and text-formatting language.
It performs typeset-quality text formatting, suitable for printing on
either the Hewlett-Packard LaserJet II or III printers, or on any printer
for which the PostScript language has been implemented.
troff Input
troff processes each given file, or the standard input if none is
specified, and prints the formatted result on the standard output. The
input must consist of text with formatting commands embedded within it.
troff provides a full suite of commands that set line length, page length
and page offset, generate vertical and horizontal motions, indentation,
fill and adjust output lines, and center text. The great flexibility of
troff lies in its acceptance of user-defined macros to control almost all
higher-level formatting. For example, the formation of paragraphs, header
and footer areas, and footnotes must all be implemented by the user via
macros.
troff uses a superset of the commands and syntax used by nroff, the other
COHERENT text-formatter: files prepared for the latter usually can be
processed through the former without requiring any changes. troff differs
from nroff in that nroff can perform only monospaced formatting, whereas
troff can handle multiple fonts of type, both monospaced and proportionally
spaced. It lets you load font-width tables dynamically, so you can use
whatever fonts you have loaded into your printer at a given time. troff
also lets you move about the page in increments other than sixths of an
inch vertically or tenths of an inch horizontally.
troff produces output either in the Hewlett-Packard Printer Control
Language (PCL) or PostScript, whichever you prefer. The former can be
printed on the Hewlett-Packard LaserJet family of laser printer, and can
use any PCL bitmapped ``soft font''. The latter can be printed on any
printer that supports the PostScript language, and can use any font for
which you have an Adobe Font Metric description. The default is PCL
output; to obtain PostScript, use the -p command-line option. See below
for information on how to manage downloadable fonts.
Command-line Options
Command-line options may be listed in any order. They are as follows:
-d Debug: print each request before execution. This option is very
useful when you are writing and debugging new macros.
-D Display the available fonts. These are all the fonts that have
been loaded into troff with the .lf primitive (described below).
-f name Write the temporary file into file name.
-i files
Read from the standard input after reading the given files.
-k Keep: do not erase the temporary file.
-l Landscape mode: output is rotated 90 degrees, with default size 11
by 8.5 inches rather than 8.5 by 11 inches.
-mname Include the macro file /usr/lib/tmac.name in the input stream.
-nN Number the first page of output N.
-p Produce output for a PostScript printer rather than for a HP-
compatible printer.
-raN Set number register a to the value N.
-rabN Set number register ab to value N. For obvious reasons, ab cannot
contain a digit.
-v Return the number of your version.
-x Do not eject to the bottom of the last page when text ends. This
option lets you use troff interactively, which is especially useful
when debugging macros.
If the environmental variable TROFF is set when troff is invoked, its
contents are prefixed to the list of command-line arguments. This allows
the user to set commonly used options once in the environment rather than
on each troff command line.
troff Primitives
As noted earlier, troff's command set is a superset of that used by nroff:
see the Lexicon entry on nroff for information on the commands and escape
sequences shared by troff and nroff. This article describes the primitives
that troff does not share with nroff.
Please note that the basic troff unit is one-tenth of a point. A printer's
point is 1/12 of a pica, which is in turn one-sixth of an inch; therefore,
there are 72 points and 720 troff units in an inch.
.co endmark
Copy input to output file directly, with no processing. If endmark
argument is present, troff copies input until it finds a line
containing endmark followed by \n. If no endmark is given, troff
copies input until it finds a line containing .co\n. This directive
is useful for embedding PostScript commands in an input file.
.cs XX N M
Set font XX to use constant character spacing. The width of each
character is N divided by 36 ems. If M is present, it specifies the
width of an em; otherwise, N assumes the point size em for the given
font.
.fd Display the currently available fonts.
.fp N XX
Associate font name XX with numeric font position N. The given N
should be a number between 1 and 9. Subsequently, the numeric font
position can be used in an escape sequence \fN to select the font.
(This nomenclature comes from the days when phototypesetters used
print wheels that were set in fixed positions on the device.) The
nroff primitive .rf performs a similar task, and is more flexible in
its syntax.
.fz XX N
Fix the point size of font XX at N. The point size of the font will
not be affected by subsequent .ps commands or \sN point size escapes.
.lf XX file [n]
Load font-width table from file and use it for font XX. If file is not
found, troff looks for /usr/lib/roff/troff_pcl/fwt/file or
/usr/lib/roff/troff_ps/fwt/file (depending on whether the -p option is
used).
The optional third argument sets the default point size of the loaded
font to n. Note that this argument takes effect only if troff is
running in -p (PostScript) mode.
For example, to load the font-width table for the PCL bitmapped font
cn090rpn.usp (which sets Century Roman, nine point, portrait mode) and
name it font RS, use the command:
.lf RS cn090rpn.usp
To do the same thing under PostScript, use the command:
.lf RS Century_R.fwt 9
Thereafter, you can reference font RS with either .ft RS or \f(RS.
Note that the second argument to this primitive must name a font-width
table generated by the COHERENT command fwtable, not the font itself,
although both may have the same name.
Please note that .lf is unique to the COHERENT implementation of
troff, and cannot be ported to other implementations.
.ps Np
Set point size to N points. The default point size is 10 point.
.rb file
Read input from file and copy it to the output without processing.
This directive is useful for including files containing PostScript
routines in the output.
.ss N
Set the minimum word spacing to N divided by 36 ems.
.vs Np
Set the vertical spacing to N points. The default vertical spacing
for troff is 11 points.
Escape Sequences
troff recognizes the following escape sequences, in addition to those
recognized by nroff:
\| Set a 1/6th-em half-narrow space character.
\^ Set a 1/12th-em half-narrow space character.
\s´N´
Set the point-size escape sequence to N. Like the .ps primitive, it
changes the point size to N. The specified N may have a leading plus
or minus sign to make the new size relative to the current point size.
\Xdd Output character dd where dd are two hexadecimal digits. This is
useful for forcing troff to print characters outside the normal
printable range, e.g., those with the high-order bit set. troff
reserves the following values for its internal use:
<ctrl-space> 0X00 Ignored
<ctrl-A> 0X01 Leader dots, same as ``\a''
<ctrl-I> 0X09 Tab, same as ``\t''
<ctrl-J> 0X10 Newline
The hexadecimal values to which characters map depend upon the
character set that you (or your printer) use. For example, to print
the character `û' using the Hewlett-Packard Laser-Jet printer and the
Pacific Page cartridge, use the escape sequence \XFB.
The escape sequence \X is unique to the COHERENT implementation of
nroff and troff. Code that uses it will behave differently when ported
to other implementations.
Number Registers
The basic unit of measure under troff is the decipoint, or one-tenth of a
printer's point. A point is one-tenth of a pica, which in turn is one
sixth of an inch; therefore, there are 72 points in an inch, or 720
decipoints. All troff number registers that hold information about page or
type dimensions hold that information in decipoints. For this reason, the
decipoint is sometimes called the ``machine unit.''
The following table shows how other units of measure translate into troff
machine units:
inch: 1i = 720u
vertical line space: 1v = 110u
centimeter: 1c = 283u
em: 1m = 100u
en: 1n = 50u
pica: 1P = 120u
point: 1p = 10u
If you are working with PostScript, you must remember to divide the value
of a troff number register by ten before you pass the value to PostScript,
or you will see very strange results on your page -- or likelier, no
results at all.
Special Characters
troff includes a set of escape sequences for setting special characters.
These escape sequences are defined in the files
/usr/lib/roff/troff_*/specials.r. If you have additional fonts or an
extended PostScript cartridge on your printer, you can modify these files
to change the current definitions or add new ones.
The following shows the escape sequences currently defined in specials.r,
and the character each prints:
\(em -- \(hy - \(bu ->
\(sq [] \(ru _ \(14 ¼
\(12 ½ \(34 ¾ \(fi fi
\(fl fl \(ff ff \(Fi ffi
\(Fl ffl \(de ° \(dg +
\(fm ' \(ct cents \(rg ®
\(co © \(tm [tm] \(pl +
\(mi - \(eq = \(** *
\(sc § \(aa ´ \(ga `
\(ul _ \(sl / \(*a alpha
\(*b beta \(*g gamma \(*d delta
\(*e epsilon \(*z zeta \(*y eta
\(*h theta \(*i iota \(*k kappa
\(*l lambda \(*m ´ \(*n nu
\(*c xi \(*o omicron \(*p pi
\(*r rho \(*s sigma \(ts sigma
\(*t tau \(*u upsilon \(*f phi
\(*x chi \(*q psi \(*w omega
\(*A Alpha \(*B Beta \(*G Gamma
\(*D Delta \(*E Epsilon \(*Z Zeta
\(*Y Eta \(*H Theta \(*I Iota
\(*K Kappa \(*L Lambda \(*M Mu
\(*N Nu \(*C Xi \(*O Omicron
\(*P Pi \(*R Rho \(*S Sigma
\(*T Tau \(*U Upsilon \(*F Phi
\(*X Chi \(*Q Psi \(*W Omega
\(sr square root \(rn \(>=>=
\(<= <= \(== == \(~=~=
\(ap ~ \(!= != \(->->
\(<- <- \(ua ^ \(dav
\(mu × \(di ÷ \(+- ±
\(cu union \(ca intersection \(sb subset of
\(sp superset of \(ib improper subset of \(ip improper superset of
\(in infinity \(pd partial derivitive \(gr gradient
\(no not \(is integral \(pt proportional to
\(es {} \(mo member of \(br |
\(dd double dagger \(rh -> \(lh <-
\(or | \(ci O \(lt (
\(lb ( \(rt ) \(rb )
\(lk ( \(rk ) \(bv |
\(lf [ \(rf ] \(lc [
\(rc ]
Printer Configuration
troff reads several files in directory /usr/lib/roff/troff_pcl (when
generating PCL output) or /usr/lib/roff/troff_ps (when generating
PostScript) to find printer-specific information. It reads special
character definitions from file specials.r. It reads font loading requests
from file fonts.r. It copies file .pre at the beginning of the output. It
copies file .post at the end of the output. In landscape mode, troff looks
for files .pre_land and .post_land instead. You can change these files as
desired to include printer-specific commands in troff output.
Managing Fonts
As noted above, troff produces output in either of two page-description
languages: the Hewlett-Packard Printer Control Language (PCL), which is the
``native language'' of Hewlett-Packard's LaserJet printers; or PostScript.
The COHERENT system also comes with tools that lets you process fonts, so
that you can use with troff either downloadable soft fonts or the fonts
that are on board your printer.
The following two sections describe how to manage fonts under PCL and under
PostScript. You should refer to the section that is appropriate to your
type of printer.
PCL Fonts
Before troff can use a font, it must know the following information:
-> What the width of every character of the font is, and
-> How it can tell the printer to print that font.
Both pieces of information are stored in a file called a font-width table.
Before troff can use a font, it must read the font-width table for that
font.
To load a font-width table into troff, use the primitive .lf. Its syntax
is as follows:
.lf XX file
XX gives the name by which you will call the font in your troff program.
file is the font-width table for this font. If file is not a full path
name, troff looks for it in directory /usr/lib/roff/troff_pcl/fwt.
COHERENT comes with font-width tables for a number of commonly used fonts.
The following tables are for the fonts built into the Hewlett-Packard
LaserJet III:
Table............ Description
CGTimes_B.fwt.... Times Bold, scalable, rotatable
CGTimes_BI.fwt... Times Bold Italic, scalable, rotatable
CGTimes_I.fwt.... Times Italic, scalable, rotatable
CGTimes_R.fwt.... Times Roman, scalable, rotatable
Cour10_B.fwt..... Courier Bold, ten point, portrait
Cour10_I.fwt..... Courier Italic, ten point, portrait
Cour10_R.fwt..... Courier Roman, ten point, portrait
Cour12L_B.fwt.... Courier Bold, 12 point, landscape
Cour12L_R.fwt.... Courier Roman, 12 point, landscape
Cour12_B.fwt..... Courier Bold, 12 point, portrait
Cour12_I.fwt..... Courier Italic, 12 point, portrait
Cour12_R.fwt..... Courier Roman, 12 point, portrait
LinepL_R.fwt..... Line Printer, 8.5 point, landscape
Linep_R.fwt...... Line Printer, 8.5 point, portrait
Univers_B.fwt.... Univers Bold, scalable, rotatable
Univers_BI.fwt... Univers Bold Italic, scalable, rotatable
Univers_I.fwt.... Univers Italic, scalable, rotatable
Univers_R.fwt.... Univers Roman, scalable, rotatable
Note that the scalable Hewlett-Packard fonts are set by default at 250
points in size -- that is, about 3.5 inches. Because you cannot scale PCL
fonts when you load them, you must use the .ps primitive to size the font.
The following troff program demonstrates scalable fonts on the Hewlett-
Packard LaserJet III:
.lf TR CGTimes_R.fwt
.lf TB CGTimes_B.fwt
.lf TI CGTimes_I.fwt
.lf UR Univers_R.fwt
.lf UB Univers_B.fwt
.lf UI Univers_I.fwt
.vs 14p
.ps 12p
\f(TRThis is Times Roman, 12 point.
.sp
\f(TBThis is Times Bold, 12 point.
.sp
\f(TIThis is Times Italic, 12 point.
.vs 26p
.ps 24p
\f(URThis is Univers Roman, 24 point.
.sp
\f(UBThis is Univers Bold, 24 point.
.sp
\f(UIThis is Univers Italic, 24 point.
.br
Note that this program does not run correctly if downloaded to a LaserJet
II, or to any printer that is running PostScript.
The COHERENT command fwtable lets you build new font-width tables. It can
build tables for PCL bit-mapped soft fonts, as well as for fonts that are
built into the LaserJet III.
To manipulate PCL bit-mapped soft fonts, do the following:
-> Use the command fwtable to build a font-width table from the font. The
input to fwtable should be the soft font itself; and the output of
fwtable should be redirected into an appropriately named file. See the
lists of tables given above for an idea of how to name your font-width
table.
-> Move the newly created font-width table into directory
/usr/lib/roff/troff_pcl/fwt.
-> Move the font itself into directory /usr/lib/roff/troff_pcl/fonts. You
may need to create this directory if this is the first time you are
using soft fonts.
-> Include the instruction .lf in your troff file to load the font-width
table and name the font, as shown above. If you use the same fonts
repeatedly, you may wish to put the .lf primitives into a separate file
that you always include on your troff command line via the environmental
variable TROFF.
-> Before you print your document, load the soft font into your printer.
If you are using the hp spooler to spool files to your printer, use the
command hpr -f. If you are using the MLP spooler, then you must pre-
process the font with the command pclfont, then spool the processed font
to device hpraw. Both commands are described in detail in their Lexicon
entries. Briefly, to load font tr100bpn.usp into your printer, use the
command
hpr -f /usr/lib/roff/troff_pcl/fonts/tr100bpn.usp
or the command:
pclfont /usr/lib/roff/troff_pcl/fonts/tr100bpn.usp | lp -d hpraw
These commands also let you specify what ``slot'' to put the font; you
can use this to help manage fonts in your printer. By placing the
frequently used fonts in the lower slots, you can then load the less-
frequently used fonts into the upper slots, and overwrite just those
fonts when you change fonts for another printing job. You must do such
font management by hand -- COHERENT does not include a utility to do it
for you.
You may wish to write the font-loading commands into a script that you
execute before you print a job. You must reload fonts every time you
power up your printer or clear its memory.
To build a font-width table for a font built into your LaserJet III, do the
following:
-> Each font on your printer is described with a .tfm file, which comes on
a disk with your printer. (If you did not receive such a disk, check
with the dealer from which you purchased your printer, or write to
Hewlett-Packard.) Use the COHERENT command doscp to copy the .tfm file
for the font that interests you from the disk.
-> Use the command fwtable -t to build the font-width table. Its input
should be the .tfm file that you just uploaded. Redirect its output
into an appropriate named file.
-> Move the newly created font-width table into directory
/usr/lib/roff/troff_pcl/fwt.
-> Note that because the font is build into your printer, you do not need
to download anything before you can use the font. When troff reads the
font-width table, it will know how to invoke the font on your printer.
PostScript Fonts
Before troff can use a font, it must know the following information:
-> What the width of every character of the font is, and
-> How it can tell the printer to print that font.
Both pieces of information are stored in a file called a font-width table.
Before troff can use a font, it must read the font-width table for that
font.
To load a font into troff, use the primitive .lf. Its syntax is as
follows:
.lf XX file [n]
XX gives the name by which you will call the font in your troff program.
file is the font-width table for this font. If file is not a full path
name, troff looks for it either in directory /usr/lib/roff/troff_ps/fwt.
The optional argument n lets you size the font. This applies only to
PostScript scalable fonts. All fonts that are loaded with this option are
not affected by the .ps primitive.
For example, the instruction
.lf HR HelvNar_R.fwt 12
loads a font for PostScript output. The font is named HR. The font-width
table is read from file /usr/lib/roff/troff_ps/HelvNar_R.fwt, which defines
the font Helvetica Narrow Roman. Finally, it sizes the font to 12 points.
Hereafter, the instructions .ft HR or \f(HR invoke this font.
COHERENT comes with font-width tables for a number of commonly used fonts.
The following tables are for PostScript fonts. LaserJet III, and are kept
in directory /usr/lib/roff/troff_pcl/fwt. All are, of course, scalable and
rotatable:
Table............ Description
Avant_B.fwt...... Avant-Garde Roman (Gothic Book)
Avant_BI.fwt..... Avant-Garde Bold Italic
Avant_I.fwt...... Avant-Garde Italic
Avant_R.fwt...... Avant-Garde Roman
Bookman_B.fwt.... Bookman Bold
Bookman_BI.fwt... Bookman Bold Italic
Bookman_I.fwt.... Bookman Italic
Bookman_R.fwt.... Bookman Roman
Century_B.fwt.... Century Bold
Century_BI.fwt... Century Bold Italic
Century_I.fwt.... Century Italic
Century_R.fwt.... Century Roman
Chancery_I.fwt... Zapf Chancery Italic
Courier_B.fwt.... Courier Bold
Courier_BI.fwt... Courier Bold Italic
Courier_I.fwt.... Courier Italic
Courier_R.fwt.... Courier Roman
Dingbats.fwt..... Zapf Dingbats
HelvNar_B.fwt.... Helvetica Narrow Bold
HelvNar_BI.fwt... Helvetica Narrow Bold Italic
HelvNar_I.fwt.... Helvetica Narrow Italic
HelvNar_R.fwt.... Helvetica Narrow Roman
Helv_B.fwt....... Helvetica Bold
Helv_BI.fwt...... Helvetica Bold Italic
Helv_I.fwt....... Helvetica Italic
Helv_R.fwt....... Helvetica Narrow
Pala_B.fwt....... Zapf Calligraphic Bold (Palatino)
Pala_BI.fwt...... Zapf Calligraphic Bold Italic
Pala_I.fwt....... Zapf Calligraphic Italic
Pala_R.fwt....... Zapf Calligraphic Roman
Symbol.fwt....... Symbols
Times_B.fwt...... Times Bold
Times_BI.fwt..... Times Bold Italic
Times_I.fwt...... Times Italic
Times_R.fwt...... Times Roman
Note that these tables are designed for the fonts used on the Pacific Page
implementation of the PostScript language. They may not work correctly
with genuine Adobe fonts.
The following gives an example program to demonstrate the PostScript fonts:
.lf HR HelvNar_R.fwt 12
.lf HC Avant_B.fwt 24
.lf DB Dingbats.fwt 9
.vs 14
.sp
\f(HRThis is 12-point Helvetic Narrow Roman
.vs 26
.sp
\f(HCThis is 24-point Avant-Garde
.vs 11
.sp
\fRA row of dingbats: \f(DBa row of dingbats
This program will not work unless you format using the -p option to troff,
and print it on a PostScript printer. Please note that because PostScript
is a portable language, you can print the PostScript output of troff on any
printer that implements PostScript, not just the Hewlett-Packard LaserJet.
COHERENT comes with tools with which you can ``cook'' fonts so that you can
use with with troff, whether the fonts are downloadable soft fonts or on
board a cartridge. To cook fonts that are on-board a cartridge in your
printer, do the following:
-> First, the PostScript cartridge should come with a set of files that
give font-width information. These have the suffix .afm; there should
be one file for each font in your cartridge. If you did not receive
such a cartridge, contact the dealer from which you purchased the
cartridge, or contact the cartridge's manufacturer. Use the command
doscp to copy the .afm files from the disk onto your COHERENT system.
-> Use the command fwtable -p to cook each .afm file into troff's font-
width table format. Each font-width table that you create should have
the suffix .fwt, and should be named so that it appropriate describes
the font. See the above table of font-width tables for examples.
Move the newly created font-width tables into directory
/usr/lib/roff/troff_ps/fwt.
Thereafter, when you write a troff program, use the .lf primitive to
load the font-width table. You may wish to create a file called fonts.r
that routinely loads all of the font-width tables that you use
routinely. You do not need to load fonts into your printer; the font-
width table includes the information needed so that troff can invoke
them from your cartridge.
COHERENT comes with tools to help you manage download soft fonts under
PostScript. Note that the fonts must be in the Adobe Font Metric (AFM)
format. To manage downloadable AFM fonts, do the following:
-> A downloadable AFM font comes in three files: a file of information
about the font, which has the suffix .inf; a file that contains the
font-width table, which has the suffix .afm; and a file that contains
the font itself, which has the suffix .pfb. You can ignore the .inf
file; it is not used in this process. You should use the COHERENT
command doscp -b to copy the .pfb from the floppy disk; and use the
command doscp -a to copy the .afm file from floppy disk. (The options -
b and -a stand, respectively, for binary and ASCII modes.)
-> Use the command
fwtable -p fontname.afm fontname.fwt
to generate the font-width table from the .afm file. Note that the
font-width table should have the suffix .fwt. By convention, you should
give the font-width table the same name as the font, to help you
remember which table goes with which font; this, however, is not
required. For example, to create the font-width table for the Adobe
font Avant Garde bold, use the following command:
fwtable -p avgb____.afm avgb____.fwt
-> Move the newly created font-width table into directory
/usr/lib/roff/troff_ps/fwt.
-> Next, use the command PSfont to ``cook'' the .pfb file into a form that
can be downloaded to your printer. Note that a font can be cooked into
either of two forms. The first form permits the font to stay resident
in your printer, so that you can use it to print an indefinite number of
documents. The second form does not permit the font to stay resident in
your printer, but it does permit you to include the font directly within
your troff output. The first form is the default output of PSfont; to
create the second form, invoke PSfont with its option -s. For example,
to cook the font Avant Garde bold into the first output format, use the
command:
PSfont avgb____.pfb avgb____.ps1
To it into the second form, use the command:
PSfont -s avgb____.pfb avgb____.ps2
Note that the suffix .ps1 indicates the first (stay-resident) form of
the font, whereas the suffix .ps2 indicates the second (includable) form
of the font. These suffixes are simply conventions, and are not
required.
-> Move the newly created fonts into directory /usr/lib/roff/troff_ps/ps.
Note that you may need to create this directory when you first begin to
process fonts.
-> When you create a troff program, use the primitive .lf to include the
font-width table for this font and size the font, as described above.
-> If you have processed the fonts into the first (stay-resident) form, you
must load them into your printer before you can print any documents. To
download the font, use either the command hpr -B or the command lp
-dprinter (where printer names the printer to which the font is being
downloaded). For example, to download the Avant Garde bold font to
printer hpraw, use the command:
lp -dhpraw /usr/lib/roff/troff_ps/ps/avgb____.ps1
(For more information on the command lp, see its entry in the Lexicon,
or see the entry for printer.) You may wish to create a script to
download the fonts that you use commonly. Note that you must reload the
fonts into your printer every time you either power up the printer or
clear out its memory. Note, too, that downloading and processing stay-
resident fonts may take several minutes, depending upon your printer's
make.
-> To use the ``includable'' form of a font, use the troff primitive .rb to
load it into the troff. For example, to include Avant Garde bold
directly within your troff output, include the following statement in
your troff source:
.rb /usr/lib/roff/troff_ps/ps/avgb____.ps2
If you use some downloadable fonts commonly, you may wish to include a
set of .rb statements for the fonts in file fonts.r. Note that files
that include downloadable fonts will be much larger than those that do
not use them.
Files
/tmp/rof* -- Temporary files
/usr/lib/tmac.* -- Standard macro packages
/usr/lib/roff/troff_pcl/ -- Support files directory for PCL
/usr/lib/roff/troff_ps/ -- Support files directory for PostScript
/usr/lib/roff/troff_*/.pre -- Output prefix
/usr/lib/roff/troff_*/.pre_land -- Output prefix, landscape mode
/usr/lib/roff/troff_*/.post -- Output suffix
/usr/lib/roff/troff_*/.post_land -- Output suffix, landscape mode
/usr/lib/roff/troff_*/fonts.r -- Font definitions
/usr/lib/roff/troff_*/fwt/ -- Directory for font width tables
/usr/lib/roff/troff_*/specials.r -- Special character definitions
See Also
col,
commands,
deroff,
fwtable,
hpr,
lp,
man,
ms,
nroff,
printer,
PSfont
nroff, The Text-Formatting Language, tutorial
Adobe Systems Incorporated: PostScript Language Reference Manual. Reading,
Mass.: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc., 1988.
Adobe Systems Incorporated: PostScript Language Tutorial and Cookbook.
Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc., 1988.
Emerson, S.L., Paulsell, K.: troff Typesetting for Unix Systems. Englewood
Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1987 (ISBN 0-13-930959-4).
Lawson, A.: Printing Types: An Introduction. Boston: Beacon Press, 1971.
Lawson, A.: Anatomy of a Typeface. Boston: David R. Godine, Publisher,
1990.
Diagnostics
For a list of the error messages that troff can produce, see the Lexicon
entry for nroff.
Notes
Like nroff, troff should be used with the macro packages ms, which is found
in the file /usr/lib/tmac.s, and man, which is found in the file
/usr/lib/tmac.an.
troff output, unlike that of nroff, cannot be processed through a terminal
driver. If you redirect the output of troff to a terminal, all you will
see is the literal program it outputs.
Laser printers cannot print on an area near each edge of the output page.
Output sent to the unprintable area will disappear. On some printers, the
logical page does not correspond to the physical page, so printed troff
output may be offset from the specified position on the physical page.
